Experiment for Identification of Paracetamol

Experiment for Identification of Paracetamol PATRICK ANTWI MANU IDENTIFICATION OF PARACETAMOL THROUGH THE USE OF PHARMACOPIEA TEST ABSTRACT Paracetamol is widely used (NHS Choice, 2012) for the relief of minor pain, toothache, headaches, symptoms of cold and reduces of patient’s temperature (control fever symptoms). It is classified as a mild analgesic agent. The following procedures were used during the experiment of identification of paracetamol. TLC method is important for separation of mixture. This technique is commonly used to determine the presence of particular compound through comparison of Rf values of both unknown samples and the standard samples. Melting point analysis is also useful for identification of compound. The melting point range can be indicated and recorded with the help of a thermometer. For instance, the melting point of paracetamol ranges from168 to172 degree Celsius Infra-red spectroscopy is one of the most essentially useful methods for identification of compound. It is usually used to identify medicines that contain correct drug in most pharmaceutical industries. Structural information about the functional group of unknown compounds can be ascertained through the use of infra-red spectroscopy. Significantly, the results generated during this experiment attest the accuracy and importance of these methods for identification of compounds. For example, the Rf values of TLC method as well as infra-red spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of paracetamol and cafeine in sample ‘B’ and ‘D’ respectively. INTRODUCTION Paracetamol is the best alternative choice for children and ulcer patients who have a minor pain such as headache and children. Consequently, too much it (NHS Choice 25/06/2012) can cause severe harm to the kidney and the liver. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT Identify paracetamol from various unknown samples through pharmacopeia test. Hypothesis The range of melting point of the samples that contain paracetamol would be (168 to 172) degree Celsius. Again, the samples that contain paracetamol only would turn into violet without changing to red after the experiment D. The Rf values of unknown samples that contains paracetamol would be the same as the Rf value of the standard sample when compared. Apparatus used for the experiment Micro-spatula UV-light Indicator IR spectroscopy Melting apparatus Pencil Rule Chromatography tank TLC plate Thin capillary tube Conical flask Beaker Micro-pipette Materials used Ethyl acetate Four unknown samples Water Dichromate METHODS Melting point analysis Melting point analysis was conducted for all the four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, and D. Small amount of crystals of each unknown samples was fetched into the melting point capillary tube. The capillary tube contained the sample was placed into the melting point apparatus. The samples temperature was measured with digital thermometer. Hence, both initial and final melting point of the samples was observed and recorded. This experiment was repeated twice to obtain the ranges of the melting point. INFRA-RED TECHNIQUE During the experiment, the arm of IR spectroscopy was cleansed with (ethanol) alcohol. The background of IR spectroscopy was scanned. Hence, each sample was placed on the mouth of the IR spectroscopy and scanned. The wavelength detected the various bound in each compound. Copies of each compound scanned was printed out for observation and reading. EXPERIMENT D FOR IDENTIFICATION TEST ANALYSIS The experiment D was conducted for all the four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, and D. 0.1g of each unknown samples were measured with macro spatula and 1ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to it. The solution was gently shake and heated to boil for about three minutes. 1ml of water was added to the boiling solution. After boiling, the solution was then placed in an ice bath to cool. Observation was made and there was no precipitation form. Therefore, 0.05m of 4.9/L solution of potassium dichromate was added to it and the colour developed for sample ‘B’ was violet without changing into red. However, the colour developed for sample ‘A’ was slightly red and changed to purpled whilst sample ‘C’ and ‘D’ developed yellow hint colour and diluted violet colour respectively. TLC METHOD A solvent system of about 20ml of ammonia: methanol: chloroform (1:19:80) was placed into the chromatography tank. A filter paper was placed against the wall inside the chromatography tank. The tank lid was placed on to prevent the evaporation of the solvent. The tank was left for about twenty minutes to allow saturated atmosphere to be formed. TLC method was conducted by using four unknown samples labelled A, B, C, D and ethyl acetate. During the experiment, a solution was made from each of the four unknown samples A, B, C, and D respectively. Thus, about 10mg of each sample was fetched with micro-spatula into the small beaker and dissolved with the small volume of ethyl acetate. Moreover, TLC plate was prepared by measuring 1.5cm distance from the edge of the plate with a rule. A horizontal line was drawn and marked the intervals with a pencil. The distance in between each interval was about 1.5cm apart. The line was demarcated into six intervals for the four unknown samples as well as the standard samples, which comprises of paracetamol and caffeine solution. Each solution was fetched with the help of a micro-pipette and spotted on the TLC plate at different intervals. In addition, the standard sample solutions of paracetamol and caffeine were spotted on the same plate at different position. Thus, spot A, B, C, D, Par and Caff in that order. The TLC plate was placed into the chromatography tank and covered with the lid. The solvent then moved up gradually through capillary action. Hence, the solute spotted on the TLC plate moved up along with the solvent (thus, mobile phase). TLC plate was removed from tank when the solvent reached about 2cm distance to the edge and marked with a pencil. Moreover, the plate was left to dry for about 20 minutes. After the evaporation of the solvent has taken place, TLC plate was then placed under the UV light for observation. A drawing was made with a pencil around the new spots formed on the plate. A measurement of the distance travelled by both solvent and substance were recorded. The Rf value was calculated for both unknown samples and the standard samples. Therefore, the Rf value was calculated base on the formula below. Rf value = distance travelled by substance divided by the distance travelled by solvent. Finally, the Rf values of unknown samples were compared with Rf values of the standard samples. The Rf value for paracetamol Rf = 3.90/6.1 Rf value = 0.639 = 0.64 RESULTS (b). Melting point analysis results SAMPLES A B C D MELTING POINT RANGE 171- 175 171 172 200 206 159 The sample ‘A’ is a bit higher than the normal range of the standard paracetamol sample. Equally, sample ‘B’ indicated the presence of paracetamol as the ranges 171-172 degree Celsius (c). (d). EXPERIMENT D FOR IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS results SAMPLES A B C D Colour of solution Slightly red and turned to purple Violet Yellowish hint Dilute violet Sample ‘A’ developed purple colour which shows para-aminophenol The colour achieved for sample ‘B’ was violet which show positive result and it was therefore indicated the presence of paracetamol. The colour developed for sample ‘C’ was yellow hint which indicated the presence of caffeine. However, sample ‘D’ developed diluted violet colour which shows the presence of caffeine and paracetamol. Infra-red analysis results Sample AÂ   Sample B Bond Functional group Frequency / wave number absorption cm-1 Intensity v N-H amine 3319.12 stretch strong v C-H 2794.94 stretch strong/medium v O-H Hydrogen bond in alcohol, phenol 3109.51 stretch Strong v C=C 1650.71 Aromatic stretch s v C=O 1609.82 amide stretch N-H delta amide 1562.66 amide bend v C=C Aromatic stretch 1504.96 aromatic stretch The functional group obtained on sample ‘B’ indicated the presence of paracetamol. Sample C Sample D (g). Results for TLC analysis STANDARD SAMPLES Paracetamol Caffeine Rf values from TLC analysis 0.64 0.89 SAMPLES A B C D Rf values from TLC analysis 0.74 0.64 0.89 0.73 The Rf values calculated for TLC analysis indicated that sample B is paracetamol when compare with the standard samples. Thus, 0.64 Compound A, C, and D are less polar since they travelled faster and further in the mobile phase and they are more attracted to the mobile phase than compound B. However, compound B is more polar and travel slowly in the mobile phase. It is most attracted to the stationary phase. Discussion The experiment D of sample ‘B’ clearly showed positive outcome and indicated the presence of paracetamol as violet colour was achieved. In addition, TLC analysis also indicated that sample ‘B’ was paracetamol when Rf value of unknown samples ‘compared to the standard samples. Therefore, this shows the accuracy and precision of the positive outcomes of the experiment. Equally, the ranges obtained from melting analysis for sample ‘B’ also confirmed the presence of paracetamol. Experiment D of sample ‘A’ showed deep purple colour and the infra-red analysis confirmed that, it is para-aminophenol. Moreover, both experiment D, TLC method and infra-red analysis confirmed the presence of caffeine in sample ‘C’. However, sample ‘D’ developed dilute violet colour TLC analysis which shows a mixture of (two compounds) paracetamol and caffeine. The infra-red analysis also confirmed that, sample ‘D’ was a mixture of two compounds. Time SUMMARY REFERENCE Barber, J., Rostron, C.,(2013). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Hill, G., Holman, J,. (2011) Chemistry in Context. 6th edition NHS Choice, (25/06/2012). Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Painkillers-paracetamol/Pages/Introduction.aspx APPENDICES Mobile phase: Rf value: retention factor for thin layer chromatography. Stationary phase: TLC: thin layer chromatography UV light: ultraviolet light

Destin Brass Products Co. Case Study Essay

Destin Brass Products Co. has been established and grown to produce valves (24% of the company revenue), pumps (55% of the company revenue), and flow controllers (21% of the company revenue). This paper will illustrate the recommended solutions for the management of the company that are trying to evaluate the competitive trends of the market for the mentioned products, and trying to start new strategies to deal with these trends. Finance and accounting, as mentioned by Ambler (2008) are the essentials and basis to the short and long existence of any type of companies. The high competitiveness of market requires that all types of businesses have a comprehensive understanding to the costs and profits in much detail in order to facilitate decision making process. In Destin Brass case, the company tried to establish a high brand name for producing the valves, but later as an expansion to the business, the company included two new product lines which are the pumps and the flow controllers keeping in mind the similarities of productions and the availability of the productions capacity. Destin Brass did not have a distinguished competitor in the valves market because of the high quality of the valves produced, but there is a massive competition in the pump and flow controllers market. This paper will capture a time of the company business where there is a high competition on the pumps’ prices and the solution of increasing the prices of the flow controllers did not change the market. The management is in need to reconsider its financial strategy in order to face competition. The financial analysis After evaluating the current financial situation of Destin Brass, The analysis hereby will collaborate to answer the management questions, and examples of the below solutions had been used by business and it proved to have an influence of decision making process regarding the company strategy. The solutions are as follows: Product costs as per the ABC information From the given information in the case study, there is a connection between the products costs and the costs incurred by the activities related to the productions of each product line. The answer to this issue is to prepare cost estimates for the three products by applying the essentials of the  activity based costing, table 1 shows that the ABC costs of the valves is 37.8, the pumps is 48.82, and the flow controllers is $100.63. The ABC method tries to connect the indirect costs to the products, and consequently treat them as direct costs. Based on the case study financial information, the calculations in table 1 have been prepared by using the following: Creating a cost pool for the machine depreciation and maintenance cost, and allocate the products based on machine hours. Creating a cost pool for receiving and material handling costs by calculating the number of transactions consumed for every product. Creating a cost pool for engineering costs by calculating how much engineering is consumed by each product. Comparing the ABC with the standard and the revised unit costs In this comparison, it will appear the cost of each product under the three types of costing calculation methods and the reason why they are different. Table 2 shows the comparison. The three costing methods treat direct costs which are run labour and material, in the same way. Moreover, financial experts support the idea that direct costs is not the actual problem as this can be tracked to the product, but the issue is that costing calculations gets complicated when trying to allocate the overheads (Indirect costs). The allocation of overheads is where the differences in costs come under the three costing methods. In the standard cost accounting there is no effort made to track the overhead costs to the products. It is believed that indirect costs can not be related with the products that’s why they are summarised and then allocated to the products based on the given allocation factor (cost driver). In Destin Brass case, the overheads which include the receiving and materials handling, packing and shipping, and depreciation and maintenance for $680.000 per month, are allocated based on the run labour dollars. Consequently, every product is allocated a percentage of the overheads in the same ratio that the product consume of labour (valves 0.5 run hours per unit, pumps 0.5 run per unit, and flow controllers 0.4 run per unit). See table 3 for details. The revised cost accounting makes part of the indirect costs as direct. The material and handling costs are treated in a separate way, but not the best cost driver had been chosen (direct material dollars), as it would be seen in the ABC. Moreover, setup labour is assigned directly based on the setup hours for which information is available. The remaining overheads are allocated on the basis of machine  hours. As mentioned by Peggy Alford, this gives an idea why competitors are cutting prices on pumps. It is now clear that costs of the pumps is overstated using the standard costing method while the costs of the valves are understated. But, costing can be improved especially that the flow controllers’ price is not really explained that they are cheaper to produce than it was calculated by the standard costing method. The ABC method tracks as much as possible of the indirect expenses of the products and services. So any expense incurred of a product is directly charged to that particular product rather than spreading the expense over all the products. When expenses incurred of a number of products, they are gathered and allocated based on a proper cost driver. In this way, the allocation will be done in proportion to the real costs consumption by all the products. Table 1 had shown the ABC costs calculations for the three products. Now, we can see that flow controllers have been subsidised by pumps and selling them for $97.07 is loss making (cost $100.63) rather than at 42% gross margin. But, subsidising flow controllers had made pumps less profitable while selling price of $81.26 corresponds to 43.37% gross margin. The costs of the valves are the same under both the standard and the ABC methods. Strategic implications of the financial analysis According to Bhimani et la (2008), highly competition business environment requires a comprehensive costs understanding, and a proper costing strategy is essential to facilitate decision making. In Destin Brass case, the management is facing a decision whether to go on in the pumps market in spite of the prices fall and decreasing profit margins or to cut this business line and concentrate only on the valves and the flow controller’s products which are profitable. But, making a decision following the standard costing method would have caused disastrous consequences for the company as it would cut the profitable product and concentrate on products that are selling at a loss. Destin Brass is an ideal example of how vital is to have an accurate costing method to follow to provide strategic decision making. But, in spite of the importance of the financial and accounting information that the costing method will provide, the management vision should be supported by the information not only dictated by the accounting information. The next month results In the time where cost accounting does not matter for the cost allocation to determine the costs of the products, it does not affect the bottom line. Here, assuming that the quantities of the productions and the sales, inventory, selling prices stay the same, and the prices of material, labour, handling remains the same. The net profit would be the same as the net profit of the last month. The bottom line will be affected in case the results showing in the ABC method are considered and the selling prices are adjusted. Conclusion The costing methods used to identify the strengths and weakness of the business performance helps management to decide whether operations require any improvements. This indicates that the inaccurate costing allocation can lead to either over or under pricing. Consequently, this will prevent the management from leading the company to make higher profit, retain customers or lead the company to wrong strategic decisions.

The Depth of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - 884 Words

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Family Structure Of A Single Parent - 938 Words

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Why Did The Cold War Start And How Did It Develop Over Its...

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The veterans marched up Pennsylvania Avenue to acquire their relief. However, MacArthur and Hoover stopped the veterans at their core in a final â€Å"battle† calling them â€Å"communists and persons with criminal records.† 2. What is Rugged Individualism? a.Read MoreSocial Development, Political Development And Scientific Development2004 Words   |  9 Pagesoccurred since the past decades and been improved ever since. The three developments I will mentioning are social development, political development and scientific development. Firstly am going to begin by introducing the major cause of death in the 1900 and another cause of death today. With that in mind I will also be including how the cause were or are dealt with now. Furthermore I will examine the developments separately and the impact they have on the health status. As the Great War (WW1) was coming

Streams of Silver Epilogue Free Essays

Drizzt, Wulfgar, and Catti-brie came into Longsaddle a few days later, road weary and still wrapped in a shroud of grief. Harkle and his kin greeted them warmly and invited them to stay at the Ivy Mansion for as long as they desired. But though all three of them would have welcomed the opportunity to relax and recover from their trials, other roads summoned them. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver Epilogue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Drizzt arid Wulfgar stood at the exit of Longsaddle the very next morning, with fresh horses provided by the Harpells. Catti-brie walked down to them slowly, Harkle holding back a few steps behind her. â€Å"Will you come?† Drizzt asked, but guessed by her expression that she would not. â€Å"Would that I could,† Catti-brie replied. â€Å"Ye’ll get to the halfling, I don’t fear. I’ve another vow to fulfill.† â€Å"When?† Wulfgar asked. â€Å"In the spring, by me guess,† said Catti-brie. â€Å"The magic of the Harpells has set the thing to going; already they’ve called out to the clan in the dale, and to Harbromm in Citadel Adbar. Bruenor’s kin’ll be marchin’ out afore the week’s end, with many allies from Ten-Towns. Harbromm promises eight thousand, and some of the Harpells have pledged their help.† Drizzt thought of the undercity he had viewed in his passage of the lower levels, and of the bustle of thousands of gray dwarves, all outfitted in shining mithril. Even with all of Clan Battlehammer and their friends from the dale, eight thousand battle-seasoned dwarves from Adbar, and the magical powers of the Harpells, the victory would be hard won if won at all. Wulfgar also understood the enormity of the task that Catti-brie would face, and doubt came to him about his decision to set out with Drizzt. Regis needed him, but he could not turn away from Catti-brie in her need. Catti-brie sensed his torment. She walked up to him and kissed him suddenly, passionately, then jumped back. â€Å"Get yer business done and over, Wulfgar, son of Beornegar,† she said. â€Å"And get ye back to me!† â€Å"I, too, was Bruenor’s friend,† Wulfgar argued. â€Å"I, too, shared in his vision of Mithril Hall. I should be beside you when you go to honor him.† â€Å"Ye’ve a friend alive that needs ye now,† Catti-brie snapped at him. â€Å"I can set the plans to going. Ye get yerself after Regis! Pay Entreri all he’s got coming, and be quick. Mighten be that ye’ll get back in time to march to the halls.† She turned to Drizzt, a most-trusted hero. â€Å"Keep him safe for me,† she pleaded. â€Å"Show him a straight road, and show him the way back!† On Drizzt’s nod, she spun and ran back up to Harkle and toward the Ivy Mansion. Wulfgar did not follow. He trusted in Catti-brie. â€Å"For the halfling and the cat,† he said to Drizzt, clasping Aegis-fang and surveying the road before them. Sudden fires glowed in the drow’s lavender eyes, and Wulfgar took an involuntary step back. â€Å"And for other reasons,† Drizzt said grimly, looking out over the wide southland that held the monster he might have become. It was his destiny to meet Entreri in battle again, he knew, the test of his own worth to defeat the killer. â€Å"For other reasons.† * * * Dendybar’s breath came hard to him as he viewed the scene, Sydney’s corpse stuffed into a corner of a dark room. The specter, Morkai, waved his arm and the image was replaced by a view of the bottom of Garumn’s Gorge. â€Å"No!† Dendybar screamed when he saw the remains of the golem, headless and lying among the rubble. The mottled wizard shook visibly. â€Å"Where is the drow?† he demanded of the specter. Morkai waved the image away and stood silent, pleased at Dendybar’s distress. â€Å"Where is the drow?† Dendybar repeated, more loudly. Morkai laughed at him. â€Å"Find your own answers, foolish mage. My service to you is ended!† The apparition puffed into fire and was gone. Dendybar leaped wildly from his magic circle and kicked the burning brazier over. â€Å"I shall torment you a thousand times for your insolence!† he yelled into the emptiness of the room. His mind spun with the possibilities. Sydney dead. Bok dead. Entreri? The drow and his friends? Dendybar needed answers. He could not forsake his search for the Crystal Shard, could not be denied the power he sought. Deep breaths steadied him as he concentrated on the beginnings of a spell. He saw the bottom of the gorge again, brought the image into sharp focus within his mind. As he chanted through the ritual, the scene became more real, more tangible. Dendybar experienced it fully; the darkness, the hollow emptiness of the shadowy walls and the almost imperceptible swish of air running through the ravine, the jagged hardness of the broken stone under his feet. He stepped out of his thoughts and into Garumn’s Gorge. â€Å"Bok,† he whispered as he stared down at the twisted and broken form of his creation, his greatest achievement. The thing stirred. A rock rolled away from it as it shifted and struggled to rise before its creator. Dendybar watched in disbelief, amazed that the magical strength he had imbued upon the golem was so resilient as to survive such a drop, and such mutilation. Bok stood in front of him, waiting. Dendybar studied the thing for a long moment, pondering how he might begin to restore it. â€Å"Bok!† he greeted it emphatically, a hopeful grin coming to him. â€Å"Come, my pet. I shall take you back home and mend your wounds.† Bok took a step forward, crowding Dendybar against the wall. The wizard, still not understanding, started to order the golem away. But Bok’s remaining arm shot up and grasped Dendybar by the throat, lifting him into the air and choking off any further commands. Dendybar grabbed and flailed at the arm, helpless and confused. A familiar laugh came to his ears. A ball of fire appeared above the torn stump of the golem’s neck, transforming into a familiar face. Morkai. Dendybar’s eyes bulged in terror. He realized that he had overstepped his limits, had summoned the specter too many times. He had never truly dismissed Morkai from this last encounter, and suspected rightly that he probably wouldn’t have been strong enough to push the specter from the material plane even if he had tried. Now, outside of his magic circle of protection, he was at the mercy of his nemesis. â€Å"Come, Dendybar,† Morkai grinned, his dominating will twisting the golem’s arm. â€Å"Join me in the realm of death where we might discuss your treachery!† A snap of bone echoed across the stones, the ball of fire puffed away, and wizard and golem tumbled down, lifeless. * * * Farther down the gorge, half buried in a pile of debris, the fires of the burning dragon had died to a smoky smolder. Another rock shifted and rolled away. How to cite Streams of Silver Epilogue, Essay examples

Project Report Corporate Financial Accounting †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Report Corporate Financial Accounting. Answer: Introduction: Capital budgeting is a part of investment appraisal techniques. This planning process is used by the companies to evaluate the various investment long term opportunities. Capital budgeting process evaluates the various projects according their cash flows, present value factors, their net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, accounting rate of return etc (Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh, 2011). long term investment opportunities for a business could be new products, new plants, replacement of old machineries, new machinery, research development projects etc. for analyzing the best project, company takes the help of various tools which are available such as sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, break even analysis, simulation technique analysis (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). It is required for every organization to evaluate the best investment proposal from the available proposals. And this could only be possible if the best corporate decision strategies have been adopted b y the company. Corporate decision making is a process which aids the organization into looking over various aspects and then makes a best decision for every dilemma of the business. Corporate decision making is a continuums process which takes place at every step in an organization. Corporate decision making sets a companionship among all the factors of the company and the stakeholders of the company (Gervais, Heaton and Odean, 2011). This report tells the user about various techniques and analysis which would aid the organization to select the best investment proposal according to the requirement of the company. Sensitivity analysis: Sensitivity analysis is a tool which is used by the various parties to evaluate that how many diversified values of a free variable would affect a specific variable which has been estimated through many assumptions. This analysis is also known as what if analysis. It has been observed that normally, every entire quantitative factor of an investment such as cash outflow, cash inflow, discount rate, cost of capital, project duration etc are recognized with certainty but in reality, it rarely takes place (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). Sensitivity analysis helps the companies to overcome the same problem. The techniques of sensitivity analysis could be applied over various planning activities and not only on capital budgeting decision. This analysis helps an organization into evaluating that how the distribution of possible internal rate of return and net present value for a proposal under context is impacted consequently to make a change into a single variable which is dependent in nature. This analysis could take place only be changing into one variable at a time. Sensitivity analysis evaluates a value for every input and offers a decision making process to the company to choose the best project. Such as if a products selling price would be reduced by 10% and at the same time, the internal rate of return would also be changed due to changes into the total life of the project from 3 years to 5 years. Than sensitivity analysis, helps the organization to make a better decision about investment (Bennouna, Meredith and Marchant, 2010). As according to the above case, every factor will be changed due to change into a single variable of the investment proposal. Such as changes into the selling price will change the NPV of the project and the total life of the project will make an impact over the internal rate of return. Than the calculated NPV is plotted into a graph to depict that how sensitive the net present value could be due to changes into the related factors. The below figure depict that the slope of line in the below graph depicts that how sensitive the net present value is to make a change into each input. The steeper the slope would be, the more sensitive the net present value would be to make changes into the variable. (Hall and Millard, 2010) Sensitivity analysis is used widely because of its ability and simplicity to focus over the specific estimates. Mainly it is used in the banking industry to evaluate the projects which are related to the funding. This analysis offers critical idea about the success or failure of the project. Scenario analysis: It has been observed that the sensitivity analysis is used widely as a risk analysis technique but this analysis has some limits. Therefore, sensitivity analysis has been extended to deal with various probability distributions of various inputs and further, scenario analysis also aids the more variables at a single time so that the combined effect could also be analyzed with the changes in more than one variable (Adair, 2011). Scenario analysis also offers a specific answer to this solution. Scenario analysis mainly answers the question of that how bad can a project look. Various times, mangers just take an assumption and forget to make other assumptions according to the competitors relation and economy consideration etc. in scenario analysis; factors are evaluated according to the scenario which has been built by the managers. These aspects could range from economy state to the competitors response on firms any action. Secondly, the components are determined the number of scenario analysis for every factor. Basically, three scenarios are determined according to the base, average and worst case. Though, it might vary according to the long range (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer and McGowan, 2010). The third component of scenario analysis is to focus over the critical aspects and build a scenario for every factor and lastly, in the forth component, probabilities of each scenario are evaluated. This scenario could b e based upon many macro factors such as interest rate, exchange rate and various micro factors such as reaction of competitor. Factors Normal case Best case Worst case Yield - + 20% - 30% Exchange rate - + 5% - 5% Transportation cost - -15% +25% Marketing cost - -8% +23% Sales cost - + 5 % - 15% Sales price 1.03 1.05 1.00 Cash inflow 10 % 19 % 3% NPV 1 2.5 -2.3 (Burns and Walker, 2015). The above tale depict that the three scenarios are there for every investment proposal in front of the company, through this analysis, it has been found that the three scenarios are available in front of the company which are best, normal, worst. Through this scenario, it becomes easy for the managers to choose the best investment proposal. Break even analysis: Break even analysis helps an organization into selecting the best project according to the cost and revenue relationship. In this project, various tools of an investment proposal are determined and then the level of breakeven is analysed. The breakeven level of an investment project is the point where the total associated cost is equal to the total revenue earned by the company. This analysis a graph is plotted and the total revenue slope and the cost slope are drawn. The point where both the slopes are interacted with each other is the point of breakeven (Shim, Siegel and Shim, 2011). Break even analysis generates an idea about the positive return from an investment. This analysis depict that the fixed cost of a project s not directly linked with the production level and thus the breakeven level get impacted through the fixed cost of the project. In addition, variable cost of a project directly makes a change into the volume of output. The study of breakeven analysis is a great tool to identify the relationship between the returns, variable cost and fixed cost. Breakeven point offers an idea that when an investment proposal would generate positive return as well as it could be determined according to some mathematical calculations and graph (Grant, 2016). This analysis helps an organization to calculate the level of production through which the positive returns could be earned by the company. And the entire cost could be concerned properly.(Bodie, 2013) The above graph of breakeven point depict that the total 9 units are required to be produce by the company to cover all the cost. Further, production would help the company to make profits. These calculations help the company to identify the best available project in the market. And this analysis also help the company to determine the total return which could be get by the company after investing into the particular project. Further, it has also been analyzed that how much cost would be paid by the company even in the case of no production and how much units are required by the company to produce to reach over a point where the cost and the revenue are equal (Fortson, 2011). Simulation techniques: This analysis is also known as Monte Carlo simulation. It ties sensitivity as well as probability distribution together. This method is based upon various mathematical calculations. The main fundamental appeal of this technique is to offer decision makers along with a probability distribution of net present values rather than an only single estimation about the estimated net present value. This technique ties all the related factors and then makes a corporate decision about the various investment opportunities for an organization. Firstly, in this analysis, a simulation exercise takes place to investigate over the investment proposal and than many related key factors are involved to estimate the affected project and their inter relationship with other factors. This technique involves modelling of cash flows to disclose entire key factors which are influenced by both the cash payments and receipts and their relationship with other factors. Simulation technique involves the relationship of net present value with various parameters and exogenous variables. It specifies the parameters value and probability distribution of exogenous factors and variables. Further, a value is selected randomly from probability distribution of every exogenous variable. In addition, NPV is determined corresponding to the random generated value of variables and pre specified variables of parameters. The 3rd and 4th steps are repeated again to get a large number of simulated net present values (Wright et al, 2010). Lastly, the probability distribution is plotted and mean and standard deviation of return are computed to collect the risk level of a project. Simulation techniques are analyzed to determine the best investment project form the various available projects in the market. This analysis mainly shows its concern about the probability distribution and the sensitivity analysis. This study helps the organization to identify and evaluate the best available investment proposal from the available projects into the company (Godfray et al, 2010). This analysis aids the company to evaluate the best business plan for the company in concern of the profits. This analysis technique is a tool which is mainly uses by the association to make a superior decision about diverse investments i.e. the total time in which corporation would be proficient to reverse the entire connected cost. Conclusion: In the above study, capital budgeting technique has been investigated and it has been found that this planning process is used by the companies to evaluate the various investment long term opportunities. Capital budgeting process evaluates the various projects according their cash flows, present value factors, their net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, accounting rate of return etc. for this study, various tools such as sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, break even analysis, simulation technique analysis have been analyzed and it has been found that all the analysis are helpful for the company to identify the best project from the available projects. Through this study, it has been found that all the projects are helpful for the company in diverse situation. Sensitivity analysis is a tool which is used by the various parties to evaluate that how many diversified values of a free variable would affect a specific variable which has been estimated through many assumptions. Scenario analysis mainly answers the question of that how bad can a project look. Various times, mangers just take an assumption and forget to make other assumptions according to the competitors relation and economy consideration etc. In addition, Break even analysis helps an organization into selecting the best project according to the cost and revenue relationship. In this project, various tools of an investment proposal are determined and then the level of breakeven is analysed. Lastly, a simulation exercise takes place to investigate over the investment proposal and than many related key factors are involved to estimate the affected project and their inter rel ationship with other factors. And these analyses help the company to determine the total return and risk which could be faced by the company after investing into the particular project References: Adair, T., 2011. Corporate Finance Demystified 2/E. McGraw Hill Professional. Bennouna, K., Meredith, G.G. and Marchant, T., 2010. Improved capital budgeting decision making: evidence from Canada. Management decision, 48(2), pp.225-247. Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012. The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012. The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Bodie, Z., 2013. Investments. McGraw-Hill. Burns, R. and Walker, J., 2015. Capital budgeting surveys: the future is now. Fortson, J.G., 2011. Mortality risk and human capital investment: The Impact of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(1), pp.1-15. Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2010. Managerial accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(4), pp.792-793. Gervais, S., Heaton, J.B. and Odean, T., 2011. Overconfidence, compensation contracts, and capital budgeting. The Journal of Finance, 66(5), pp.1735-1777. Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M. and Toulmin, C., 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. science, 327(5967), pp.812-818. Grant, R.M., 2016. Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Hall, J. and Millard, S., 2010. Capital budgeting practices used by selected listed South African firms. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 13(1), pp.85-97. Shim, J.K., Siegel, J.G. and Shim, A.I., 2011. Budgeting basics and beyond (Vol. 574). John Wiley Sons. Wright, M.M., Daugaard, D.E., Satrio, J.A. and Brown, R.C., 2010. Techno-economic analysis of biomass fast pyrolysis to transportation fuels. Fuel, 89, pp.S2-S10. Zimmerman, J.L. and Yahya-Zadeh, M., 2011. Accounting for decision making and control. Issues in Accounting Education, 26(1), pp.258-259.